
The financial crisis in 2008 led to a significant increase in awareness of, and concern about, risk management. Despite millions of dollars invested in risk systems over the last two decades, failures in risk management were common throughout the financial world. As a wave of books, articles and official reports have shown, many of the most
significant failures in risk management were located in executive decisions such as using high leverage, making large investments in real estate and mortgage companies at the market’s peak and gaming financial reports with off-balance-sheet vehicles.